In this case, insulation faults in individual connectors of 20 module strings. Individual insulation failures are often difficult to detect in monitoring. And when insulation problems are suspected in the system, it is an additional challenge to pinpoint them precisely. In the following hypothetical case, Enovos would send a technician to the plant to examine strings and modules individually.

The plant: a 1 MW commercial flat-roof system from 2010, in Germany. The crystalline modules are oriented with a
20 degree inclination to the south. The system is equipped with 40 multi-string inverters. In monitoring, five strings are combined for each inverter.

The monitoring system reports: the ease with which insulation faults can be detected in monitoring depends, among other things, on the type of inverter used. Some inverters provide direct insulation values, others simply switch off when the value falls below a certain limit. The system described here uses inverters that do not measure insulation values. The result is that the monitoring first indicates reduced performance in the affected inverter when compared with the other inverters.

A closer look at the monitoring data shows: In the yield curves of the affected strings, isolated failures of entire inverters and all of the connected strings can be seen. This is especially the case in the early morning hours, but sometimes occurs at other times of day as well. This effect occurred relatively infrequently in summer but now that fall has arrived it is happening more often.

The hypothesis: The time at which the inverters fail may indicate one or more insulation faults. This is indicated on the one hand by the delayed start of the system in the morning hours when dew and moisture cover the modules, cables, and connectors, and on the other hand when rain reaches the affected area with the insulation problem. In order to determine the latter, the yield curves of the individual strings and inverters have to be compared with corresponding weather data.

Identifying the fault and the affected modules: Because insulation faults cause a reduction in yield and pose a potential safety risk (in extreme cases due to arcing), the operator decides to address the problem. A technician has to go to the plant. If the faults cannot be detected with the naked eye, it becomes complicated. After all, the insulation faults only occur at certain times, such as in wet and humid weather, and they can only be measured then. This means that the technician has to measure the individual strings and modules at the times when problems were detected during monitoring; in the early morning hours, for instance. Because the technician is in the plant at the right time, the detective work can begin. First, they can set to work on all of the strings of the affected inverters individually and measure the insulation of the string at the inverter. Each time, they have to unplug the connector and insert the insulation measuring device. A single reading takes about two minutes to record. Added to this is the time spent on the roof walking between the various inverters.